In the lecture of the Master Mason’s degree, we are told that – in discovering the 47th Problem of Euclid – our ancient friend and Brother Pythagoras exclaimed “eureka” and sacrificed a hecatomb in celebration, which we more often than not subsequently explain to the newly raised 21st century Master Mason it means 100 cattle. Then, even more often than not, the phrase is subsequently dismissed as the lecturer moves on to the next symbol of Masonry.
But what does it actually mean for Pythagoras to have sacrificed a hecatomb and more importantly what lessons can we glean from this as Freemasons?
In ancient Greek culture, a hecatomb was the “gold standard” of religious sacrifice – a grand, public gesture intended to win the favor of the gods or thank them for a massive victory. The word itself comes from the Greek hekaton (one hundred) and bous (ox). While it literally translates to the sacrifice of 100 cattle, the term eventually evolved to describe any large-scale animal sacrifice, regardless of the number or the specific animal involved.
So why was it considered the “Gold Standard”?
A Gesture of Supreme Devotion – A hecatomb was rarely a casual event. It was reserved for major moments of state or religious importance, such as averting disaster (seeking an end to a plague or famine; gratitude for victory (thanking a god like Ares or Athena after a successful military campaign); and of course the Olympic Games (a hecatomb was traditionally offered to Zeus at the conclusion of the ancient Olympics).
A “Barbecue” for the People – While the ritual was religious, it was also a massive social event. In Greek sacrifice, the gods didn’t actually “eat” the meat; they received the savory smoke from the burned fat and bones. The actual meat was roasted and distributed to the citizens and for many, a hecatomb was one of the few times a year they would eat high-quality beef or any meat at all. It functioned as a massive, state-sponsored communal feast that reinforced social bonds.
A Display of Wealth and Power – Sacrificing 100 cattle was an astronomical expense. Organizing a hecatomb was a way for a city-state (polis) or a wealthy individual to signal their economic might and piety. It was the ancient equivalent of a high-budget public gala; it showed everyone that the community was prosperous enough to literally burn wealth for the sake of divine favor.
If you’ve spent any time with Homer’s Iliad or Odyssey [and yes, there ARE those of us nerdy folks who do], hecatombs appear frequently. They often serve as a narrative device to show the stakes of the story where characters offer hecatombs when they are truly desperate and, if a god ignores a hecatomb (as Apollo sometimes does), it signals that the mortals are in serious trouble.
So for me, here are some of the moral and Masonic lessons we should glean from the hecatomb:
The Altar of Supreme Devotion – In the Greek tradition, a hecatomb was a gesture of supreme devotion, reserved for the most significant moments of life. In Freemasonry, the “sacrifice” is not of cattle, but of the ego and base passions. Just as the hecatomb was offered to avert disaster or seek divine favor, a Mason is taught to “circumscribe his desires and keep his passions within due bounds.”
The Solemnity of Obligations – The “stakes” mentioned in the Homer’s great literary works mirror the gravity of Masonic obligations. Taking a degree is not a casual event; it is a “hecatomb of the self” – a major moment of personal importance where a man commits his integrity to a higher purpose and a collective Brotherhood.
The Communal Feast – The hecatomb was rarely a private affair; it was a “barbecue for the people” that reinforced social bonds through the sharing of high-quality food and community. This aligns perfectly with the Masonic concept of Fellowship. The ritual work (the “sacrifice” or labor) is the catalyst, but the “Festive Board” (the communal meal) is where the social bonds are solidified. Just as the hecatomb provided beef to citizens who might otherwise lack it, the Masonic Lodge provides a space where men of all ranks “meet upon the level.” The “nourishment” of the Lodge is distributed equally among the brethren, reinforcing the community’s strength.
The Display of “Wealth” – A hecatomb was a display of a city-state’s economic might and piety. In a Masonic context, we must look at “wealth” much, much differently. A Mason’s “wealth” is his Time, Merit, and Virtue. Being a good and true Mason is the modern hecatomb. It requires an “astronomical expense” of effort and dedication. Just as a polis signaled its prosperity through sacrifice, a Lodge signals its health through its charity and the quality of the work of its Brethren. We do not “burn wealth” for divine favor, but we do spend our most valuable resource – our lives – in the service of the Great Architect and our fellow man.
“The sacrifice of the wicked is an abomination to the Lord, but the prayer of the upright is his delight.” – Proverbs 15:8 (KJV)
This sage wisdom from King Solomon captures the essence of the hecatomb: it isn’t the number of cattle (or sheep, or goats, or chickens) that matters, but the piety of the heart behind it – a lesson every Freemason learns when he first enters the Lodge.
Final fun fact, according to Carl H. Claudy in his Introduction to Freemasonry, Volume III-Master Mason (1931), if Pythagorus did discover Euclid’s 47th Problem, he might have exclaimed “Eureka” but that he sacrificed a hecatomb – a hundred head of cattle – is entirely out of character, since the Pythagoreans were vegetarians and reverenced all animal life.
